I don't quite see an option to ssh-keygen and the lot to check whether a ssh key uses a pass phrase or not.
It is possible though to create a public key from a private key using ssh-keygen -y ~/.ssh/id_rsa. Thus providing you with a password prompt in case you have a pass phrase defined.
In case you know of any option to directly tell if there is a pass phrase, please comment to let me know :)